Sunday, August 31, 2014

What is Koupalu/ Koubru?

Laininghal Naoriya Phulo used "Waheirol" as a Semantics to study the meaning of words of Meeteilon.

Using Waheirol let's try to unlock the meaning of Koubru.

Koubru consists of two terms Kouba + Ru (Lu)

It is interesting that most Meetei words which have deep philosophical meanings have a subjective  as well as an objective meaning (objectified).

We know objectively it is a Mountain Range. Awang Koubru Assuppa according to our scriptures (Lairon) is said to be the origin of the Salailel (Sorarel) and his people.  There is a Cave at its peak.  There are NINE ekons (big ponds) spread across the ranges, 5 of which are easily found by normal Koubru pilgrims every year.  There is a huge monolith of EMA Phouoibee (Phou Oibee= becomes the Paddy).  This is an indication that Paddy was grown in the Koubru.

Koubru is also the name of the Ruler of Koubru Mountain who married Kounu Ema and had Eengelei as their daughter.  The tradition of Heijingpot/Heijing Kharai Puba is said to have been started from the time of Koubru.  All the deities, Thangjing, Marjing, Wangbrel Khanachaoba  have come to attain the engagement ceremony of Koubru and Kounu.  Kounu had asked Lord Koubru to prove his love and and that he is the Lord of the Koubru Mountain by offering 100 different kinds of flowers and 100 different types of fruits to all the guests from the side of the bride-to-be. Soon it was discovered that one Heikru lukmai/platter  was missing.  Kounu took this as a breach of agreement and trust and declared before all the elders and guest present that this marriage will be hence annulled.   Lord Koubru was disgraced in public ekai nungshi yanana( mixed feeling of shame and hurt) accepted his mistake as a negligence on his part but he went further and announced that Kounu must give birth to the child in her womb and if she is a baby girl which she will be she is to be named Eenglelei.

What is Koubru subjectively?

Kou-pa-Lu : Koupa = Call or called
Lu= Root/Skeleton /Mind
Eg.
Lu-Tang (Skelatal joints),
Lu-rel (Skull/Head),
Lu-kokpa(shaving head),
Lu-mang (Forehead),
Lu-ton(upper part of Skull),
Lu-kham (lower part of Skull),
Lu-sam(lowermost part of Skull),
Lu-chingba(Leader),
Lu-Hongba (change of Mind)
Saru/Sa-Lu = Animal/Flesh Bones
Maru/Ma-Lu = Its Bone/skeleton; roots (in plants); important (topic)

According to scriptures and oral tradition Koubru is represents Kok (the Head) just as Loktak the belly, Kangla the navel etc.

So Koubru may be safely interpreted as “that which is called the Root or that which is called the Head”
Sanaching Koubru is the first place where the Lais originated according to Leisemlon.

Koubru is not yet excavated for reasons best known to the Archeological Dept. inspite of this valuable information from our history.

Friday, August 22, 2014

Liraba Leikolgi Khuiraba Leirang Tekhatlo kumgi nonghou lakle

Liraba Leikolgi Khuiraba Leirang
Tekhatlo kumgi nonghou lakle
Kanglaba turelgi chiraba echel
Ehouro emai Laijana chollo
Liraba Leikolgi Khuiraba Leirang

Kumgi Nongkhong Ahanbadi
Kaneipungi Nongdamkhoni
Ariba Pamel usha khuding
Anouba mayol chonglarani

Liraba Leikolgi Khuiraba Leirang

Mallaba Mandir ge Mutlaba Meiree
Chukhatlo ashage mangal urengei
Mallaba Mandir ge Mutlaba Meiree
Chukhatlo ashage mangal urengei

Tatlaba Sarik ke samhouro mari
Khinghouro malangna tantharingei
Liraba Leikolgi Khuiraba Leirang

Kumgi nongju esheina nillo
Ari anou puna saklo
Chinglon Mapal wangma lana
Kangleipungi sonthang yeiro

Liraba Leikolgi Khuiraba Leirang
Tekhatlo kumgi nonghou lakle
Kanglaba turelgi chiraba echel
Ehouro emai Laijana chollo
Liraba Leikolgi Khuiraba Leirang

Seisakpa - N Pahari

Leiman challabi Leirangi awaba Khngbiroi kanana Ubiroi Taibangna

Leiman challabi Leirangi awaba
Khngbiroi kanana Ubiroi Taibangna

Khongunda tarabi Singel ge Tengtha
Tabiroi kanana Ubiroi Taibangna

Leiman challabi Leirangi awaba
Khngbiroi kanana Ubiroi Taibangna

Ngarangta Pomjabi
Ngashida Satchabi
Hayengna ngairedo
Leimaida ngbu

Namiba nungshitke
Epomda yaonbi
Matamgi Nongleina
Theeredo asoiba

Nungshiba Leinam
Fajaba nashak
Nungshiba Leinam
Fajaba nashak
Tinkhene Ufulda
Mangkhene Malangda

Leiman challabi Leirangi awaba
Khngbiroi kanana Ubiroi Taibangna

Leika khuding makta suna eeri
Aronba Asha ge pareng Kaya

Leika khuding makta suna eeri
Aronba Asha ge pareng Kaya

Pukninge wakhal
Thotlaba Leina
Pukninge wakhal
Thotlaba Leina

Machoi Machoi Taranido
Machoi Machoi Taranido

Leiman challabi Leirangi awaba
Khngbiroi kanana Ubiroi Taibangna

Khongunda tarabi Singel ge Tengtha
Tabiroi kanana Ubiroi Taibangna

Leiman challabi Leirangi awaba
Khngbiroi kanana Ubiroi Taibangna

Seisakpa - N Pahari

Tuesday, August 19, 2014

Kumgi Nongju Lakpada

Kumgi Nongju
Kumgi Nongju

Kumgi Nongju
Kumgi Nongju Lakpada
Ningkhaidoura torbanda
Houri Mana Kangla Pamelda Karamba urina Yetningani

Kumgi Nongju
Kumgi Nongju Lakpada
Ningkhaidoura torbanda
Houri Mana Kangla Pamelda Karamba urina Yetningani

Kumgi Nongju
Kumgi Nongju Lakpada

Akhang Kanbi Oirabasu
Karamba Leirangna Satningani
Leihao yaodraba Leikanglada

Ningba Kairaba Meeoibabu
Kanan Nungshi Haibigani
Nakenthana Lakpada
Nakenthana Lakpada
Karamba upalna Khangamgani

Kumgi Nongju
Kumgi Nongju Lakpada
Ningkhaidoura torbanda
Houri Mana Kangla Pamelda Karamba urina Yetningani

Kumgi Nongju
Kumgi Nongju Lakpada

Chatkhrasu Mahakpu thadoktuna
Nungshina kainakhraba thamoi ase
Nungshi heite Haibiganu

Mayol chongdraba upal ase
Karamna hinglige Hairasege

Yeningthana Lakpada
Yeningthana Lakpada
Karamba Leirangna Keningani

Kumgi Nongju
Kumgi Nongju Lakpada
Ningkhaidoura torbanda
Houri Mana Kangla Pamelda Karamba urina Yetningani

Kumgi Nongju
Kumgi Nongju Lakpada

Seisakpa - (L) Khundrakpam Joykumar

Saturday, August 16, 2014

Rorschach Ink Blot Test

Hermann Rorschach

Hermann Rorschach ( 8 November 1884 – 1 April 1922) was a Swiss Freudian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, best known for developing a projective test known as the Rorschach inkblot test. This test was reportedly designed to reflect unconscious parts of the personality that "project" onto the stimuli. In the test, individuals are shown 10 inkblots – one at a time – and asked to report what objects or figures they see in each of them.

The Rorschach Inkblot Test

  The Rorschach inkblot test is a type of projective psychological test created in 1921 by Hermann Rorschach. Used to analyze personality and emotional functioning, it is the second most commonly used forensic test after the MMPI. A 1995 survey 412 clinical psychologists in the American Psychological Association revealed that 82% used the Rorschach inkblot test at least occasionally.

Critics note that the test's poor validity means that it is unable to accurately identify most psychological disorders. However, the test has shown to be effective in the diagnosis of illnesses characterized by distorted thinking, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

   About this test:
The Rorschach inkblot test is a method of psychological evaluation. Psychologists use this test to try to examine the personality characteristics and emotional functioning of their patients. The Rorschach is currently the second most commonly used test in forensic assessment, after the MMPI, and has been employed in diagnosing underlying thought disorder and differentiating psychotic from nonpsychotic thinking in cases where the patient is reluctant to openly admit to psychotic thinking.

More Information:

  There are ten official inkblots. Five inkblots are black ink on white. Two are black and red ink on white. Three are multicolored. The psychologist shows the inkblots in a particular order and asks the patient, for each card, "What might this be?". After the patient has seen and responded to all the inkblots, the psychologist then gives them to him again one at a time to study. The patient is asked to list everything he sees in each blot, where he sees it, and what there is in the blot that makes it look like that. The blot can also be rotated. As the patient is examining the inkblots, the psychologist writes down everything the patient says or does, no matter how trivial. The psychologist also times the patient which then factors into the overall assessment.
Using the scores for these categories, the examiner then performs a series of mathematical calculations producing a structural summary of the test data. The results of the structural summary are interpreted using existing empirical research data on personality characteristics that have been demonstrated to be associated with different kinds of responses. Both the calculations of scores and the interpretation are often done electronically.

A common misconception of the Rorschach test is that its interpretation is based primarily on the contents of the response- what the examinee sees in the inkblot. In fact, the contents of the response are only a comparatively small portion of a broader cluster of variables that are used to interpret the Rorschach data.

Laija thaki Thariktha Malang chirol fangbada Leina jagoi sabadi Thaja mabu ngaibara

Laija thaki Thariktha
Malang chirol fangbada
*Leina jagoi sabadi
Thaja mabu ngaibara

Laija thaki Thariktha
Malang chirol fangbada
Leina jagoi sabadi
Thaja mabu ngaibara

Laija thaki Thariktha
Malang chirol fangbada
Leina jagoi sabadi
Thaja mabu ngaibara

Leirang natou ubada
Thamoi eige Nungole

*Nungshi mabu ningsingna
Thamoi eige nungnangle

Leirang natou ubada
Thamoi eige Nungole

*Nungshi mabu ningsingna
Thamoi eige nungnangle

Laija thaki Thariktha
Malang chirol fangbada
Leina jagoi sabadi
Thaja mabu ngaibara

*Thaja Leirang natouda
Taibang Thamoi Tanikle

Nungshi mabu ningsingna
Thamoi eige Nungnangle

*Thaja Leirang natouda
Taibang Thamoi Tanikle

Nungshi mabu ningsingna
Thamoi eige Nungnangle

Laija thaki Thariktha
Malang chirol fangbada
Leina jagoi sabadi
Thaja mabu ngaibara

Khage nungshit namiba
Nongdol Likla purakle
Leina thakta khiklarone
Taibang meisha koklani

Khage nungshit namiba
Nongdol Likla purakle
Leina thakta khiklarone
Taibang meisha koklani

Laija thaki Thariktha
Malang chirol fangbada
Leina jagoi sabadi
Thaja mabu ngaibara

Laija thaki Thariktha
Malang chirol fangbada
Leina jagoi sabadi
Thaja mabu ngaibara

Tuesday, August 12, 2014

KANGFAL-IKAITHIBI

KANGFAL-IKAITHIBI

Botanical name: Mimosa pudica.
**Medicinal uses:
A herbal composition made from the
extracts of Touch Me Not is
beneficial in treating diarrhea and
dysentery.
It relieves symptoms of respiratory
disorders like asthma.
The plant provides symptomatic relief in fistula, piles and glandular
swellings.
Decoration of ROOT: useful in gravellish and other urinary complaints.
Boiled decoration of the LEAVES: USED in uterine pains after delivery..
LEAF-JUICE: In hydrocele, boils , dressing for sinus and also for sores , piles and fistula.

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

Moirang khanam gi kanaba

Common name: Blue Fountain Bush; Manipuri: Moirang khanam; Botanical name: Rotheca serrata; Family: Verbenaceae (Verbena family).

Importance: This plant has several traditional usages. The roots are used for dyspepsia and rheumatism, and as a treatment for bronchial asthma, bronchitis and wasting diseases. The leaves are used internally as a febrifuge and the seeds for dropsy. The leaves can be applied externally to relieve headaches and for eye problems. The plant is also used as an antidote to snake poison.

Atom bomb is Drop in Hiroshima

On this day in 1945, at 8:16 a.m. Japanese time, an American B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, drops the world's first atom bomb, over the city of Hiroshima. Approximately 80,000 people are killed as a direct result of the blast, and another 35,000 are injured. At least another 60,000 would be dead by the end of the year from the effects of the fallout.

U.S. President Harry S. Truman, discouraged by the Japanese response to the Potsdam Conference's demand for unconditional surrender, made the decision to use the atom bomb to end the war in order to prevent what he predicted would be a much greater loss of life were the United States to invade the Japanese mainland. And so on August 5, while a "conventional" bombing of Japan was underway, "Little Boy," (the nickname for one of two atom bombs available for use against Japan), was loaded onto Lt. Col. Paul W. Tibbets' plane on Tinian Island in the Marianas. Tibbets' B-29, named the Enola Gay after his mother, left the island at 2:45 a.m. on August 6. Five and a half hours later, "Little Boy" was dropped, exploding 1,900 feet over a hospital and unleashing the equivalent of 12,500 tons of TNT. The bomb had several inscriptions scribbled on its shell, one of which read "Greetings to the Emperor from the men of the Indianapolis" (the ship that transported the bomb to the Marianas).

There were 90,000 buildings in Hiroshima before the bomb was dropped; only 28,000 remained after the bombing. Of the city's 200 doctors before the explosion; only 20 were left alive or capable of working. There were 1,780 nurses before—only 150 remained who were able to tend to the sick and dying.

According to John Hersey's classic work Hiroshima, the Hiroshima city government had put hundreds of schoolgirls to work clearing fire lanes in the event of incendiary bomb attacks. They were out in the open when the Enola Gay dropped its load.

The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

On August 6, 1945, the United States used a massive, atomic weapon against Hiroshima, Japan. This atomic bomb, the equivalent of 20,000 tons of TNT, flattened the city, killing tens of thousands of civilians. While Japan was still trying to comprehend this devastation three days later, the United States struck again, this time, on Nagasaki.

The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima

At 2:45 a.m. on Monday, August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, took off from Tinian, a North Pacific island in the Marianas, 1,500 miles south of Japan. The twelve-man crew (picture) were on board to make sure this secret mission went smoothly. Colonel Paul Tibbets, the pilot, nicknamed the B-29 the "Enola Gay" after his mother. Just before take-off, the plane's nickname was painted on its side.

The Enola Gay was a B-29 Superfortress (aircraft 44-86292), part of the 509th Composite Group. In order to carry such a heavy load as an atomic bomb, the Enola Gay was modified: new propellers, stronger engines, and faster opening bomb bay doors. (Only fifteen B-29s underwent this modification.) Even though it had been modified, the plane still had to use the full runway to gain the necessary speed, thus it did not lift off until very near the water's edge.1

The Enola Gay was escorted by two other bombers that carried cameras and a variety of measuring devices. Three other planes had left earlier in order to ascertain the weather conditions over the possible targets.

On a hook in the ceiling of the plane, hung the ten-foot atomic bomb, "Little Boy." Navy Captain William S. Parsons ("Deak"), chief of the Ordnance Division in the "Manhattan Project," was the Enola Gay's weaponeer. Since Parsons had been instrumental in the development of the bomb, he was now responsible for arming the bomb while in-flight. Approximately fifteen minutes into the flight (3:00 a.m.), Parsons began to arm the atomic bomb; it took him fifteen minutes. Parsons thought while arming "Little Boy": "I knew the Japs were in for it, but I felt no particular emotion about it."2

"Little Boy" was created using uranium-235, a radioactive isotope of uranium. This uranium-235 atomic bomb, a product of $2 billion of research, had never been tested. Nor had any atomic bomb yet been dropped from a plane. Some scientists and politicians pushed for not warning Japan of the bombing in order to save face in case the bomb malfunctioned.

There had been four cities chosen as possible targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Nagasaki, and Niigata (Kyoto was the first choice until it was removed from the list by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson). The cities were chosen because they had been relatively untouched during the war. The Target Committee wanted the first bomb to be "sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it was released."3

On August 6, 1945, the first choice target, Hiroshima, was having clear weather. At 8:15 a.m. (local time), the Enola Gay's door sprang open and dropped "Little Boy." The bomb exploded 1,900 feet above the city and only missed the target, the Aioi Bridge, by approximately 800 feet.

Staff Sergeant George Caron, the tail gunner, described what he saw: "The mushroom cloud itself was a spectacular sight, a bubbling mass of purple-gray smoke and you could see it had a red core in it and everything was burning inside. . . . It looked like lava or molasses covering a whole city. . . ."4 The cloud is estimated to have reached a height of 40,000 feet.

Captain Robert Lewis, the co-pilot, stated, "Where we had seen a clear city two minutes before, we could no longer see the city. We could see smoke and fires creeping up the sides of the mountains."5 Two-thirds of Hiroshima was destroyed. Within three miles of the explosion, 60,000 of the 90,000 buildings were demolished. Clay roof tiles had melted together. Shadows had imprinted on buildings and other hard surfaces. Metal and stone had melted.

Unlike many other bombing raids, the goal for this raid had not been a military installation but rather an entire city. The atomic bomb that exploded over Hiroshima killed civilian women and children in addition to soldiers. Hiroshima's population has been estimated at 350,000; approximately 70,000 died immediately from the explosion and another 70,000 died from radiation within five years.

A survivor described the damage to people:

The appearance of people was . . . well, they all had skin blackened by burns. . . . They had no hair because their hair was burned, and at a glance you couldn't tell whether you were looking at them from in front or in back. . . . They held their arms bent [forward] like this . . . and their skin - not only on their hands, but on their faces and bodies too - hung down. . . . If there had been only one or two such people . . . perhaps I would not have had such a strong impression. But wherever I walked I met these people. . . . Many of them died along the road - I can still picture them in my mind -- like walking ghosts.6

While the people of Japan tried to comprehend the devastation in Hiroshima, the United States was preparing a second bombing mission. The second run was not delayed in order to give Japan time to surrender, but was waiting only for a sufficient amount of plutonium-239 for the atomic bomb. On August 9, 1945 only three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, another B-29, Bock's Car (picture of crew), left Tinian at 3:49 a.m.

The first choice target for this bombing run had been Kokura. Since the haze over Kokura prevented the sighting of the bombing target, Bock's Car continued on to its second target. At 11:02 a.m., the atomic bomb, "Fat Man," was dropped over Nagasaki. The atomic bomb exploded 1,650 feet above the city.

Fujie Urata Matsumoto, a survivor, shares one scene:

The pumpkin field in front of the house was blown clean. Nothing was left of the whole thick crop, except that in place of the pumpkins there was a woman's head.

I looked at the face to see if I knew her. It was a woman of about forty. She must have been from another part of town -- I had never seen her around here. A gold tooth gleamed in the wide-open mouth. A handful of singed hair hung down from the left temple over her cheek, dangling in her mouth. Her eyelids were drawn up, showing black holes where the eyes had been burned out. . . . She had probably looked square into the flash and gotten her eyeballs burned.7
Approximately 40 percent of Nagasaki was destroyed. Luckily for many civilians living in Nagasaki, though this atomic bomb was considered much stronger than the one exploded over Hiroshima, the terrain of Nagasaki prevented the bomb from doing as much damage. Yet the decimation was still great. With a population of 270,000, approximately 70,000 people died by the end of the year.

I saw the atom bomb. I was four then. I remember the cicadas chirping. The atom bomb was the last thing that happened in the war and no more bad things have happened since then, but I don't have my Mummy any more. So even if it isn't bad any more, I'm not happy.
--- Kayano Nagai, survivor8
Notes

1. Dan Kurzman, Day of the Bomb: Countdown to Hiroshima (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986) 410.
2. William S. Parsons as quoted in Ronald Takaki, Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1995) 43.
3. Kurzman, Day of the Bomb 394.
4. George Caron as quoted in Takaki, Hiroshima 44.
5. Robert Lewis as quoted in Takaki, Hiroshima 43.
43.
6. A survivor quoted in Robert Jay Lifton, Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima (New York: Random House, 1967) 27.
7. Fujie Urata Matsumoto as quoted in Takashi Nagai, We of Nagasaki: The Story of Survivors in an Atomic Wasteland (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1964) 42.
8. Kayano Nagai as quoted in Nagai, We of Nagasaki 6.

Bibliography

Hersey, John. Hiroshima. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985.

Kurzman, Dan. Day of the Bomb: Countdown to Hiroshima. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1986.

Liebow, Averill A. Encounter With Disaster: A Medical Diary of Hiroshima, 1945. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1970.

Lifton, Robert Jay. Death in Life: Survivors of Hiroshima. New York: Random House, 1967.

Nagai, Takashi. We of Nagasaki: The Story of Survivors in an Atomic Wasteland. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1964.

Takaki, Ronald. Hiroshima: Why America Dropped the Atomic Bomb. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1995.

  
Source : http://history1900s.about.com/od/worldwarii/a/hiroshima.htm

Friday, August 01, 2014

Peruk / Gotu Kola (Centella Asiatica)

Peruk is a Local Name of Gotu Kola (Centella Asiatica) in Kangleipak / Manipur.
It is one of the widely found Medicinal herbs in the region.

Gotu Kola is a rejuvenative nervine recommended for nervous disorders, epilepsy, senility and premature aging. As a brain tonic, it is said to aid intelligence and memory. It strengthens the adrenal glands and cleanses the blood to treat skin impurities. It is said to combat stress and depression, increase libido and improve reflexes. It has also been indicated for chronic venous insufficiency, minor burns, scars, scleroderma, skin ulcers, varicose veins, wound healing, rheumatism, blood diseases, congestive heart failure, urinary tract infections, venereal diseases, hepatitis and high blood pressure.

In India, Gotu kola is regarded as perhaps the most spiritual of all herbs. Growing in some areas of the Himalayas, gotu kola is used by yogis to improve meditation. It is said to develop the crown chakra, the energy center at the top of the head and to balance the right and left hemispheres of the brain, which the leaf is said to resemble. It is regarded as one of the most important rejuvenative herbs in Ayurvedic Medicine. Sri Lankans noticed that elephants, renowned for their longevity, munched on the leaves of the plant. Thus the leaves became known as a promoter of long life. It is said to fortify the immune system, both cleansing and feeding it and to strengthen the adrenals. It has been used as a pure blood tonic and for skin health. It has also been used to promote restful sleep. Gotu kola is often confused with kola nut. Due to this confusion, some people assume the rejuvenating properties of gotu kola are due to the stimulating effects of caffeine contained in kola nut. In fact, gotu kola is not related to kola nut and contains no caffeine.

Gotu Kola is a rejuvenative nervine recommended for nervous disorders, including epilepsy, senility and premature aging. As a brain tonic, it is said to aid intelligence and memory. It strengthens the adrenal glands while cleansing the blood to treat skin impurities. It is said to combat stress and depression, energize flagging mental powers, increase libido, ward off a nervous breakdown and improve reflexes. It energizes the central nervous system and rebuilds energy reserves.

Gotu Kola can relieve high blood pressure and helps the body defend against various toxins. It is used to treat rheumatism, blood diseases, congestive heart failure, urinary tract infections, venereal diseases, hepatitis and high blood pressure. It is a mild diuretic that can help shrink swollen membranes and aid in the elimination of excess fluids. It hastens the healing of wounds.

Gotu kola has a positive effect on the circulatory system. It improves the flow of blood while strengthening the veins and capillaries. It has been used successfully to treat phlebitis, leg cramps, and abnormal tingling of the extremities. It soothes and minimizes varicose veins and helps to minimize scarring.

It reduces scarring when applied during inflammatory period of the wound. It was found effective when applied on patients with third degree burns, when the treatment commenced immediately after the accident. Daily local application to the affected area along with intramuscular injections, limited the shrinking of the skin as it healed. It is known to prevent infection and inhibit scar formation. It is also useful in repairing skin and connective tissues and smoothing out cellulite.

The primary active constituent is triterpenoid compounds. Saponins (also called triterpenoids) known as asiaticoside, madecassoside, and madasiatic acid are the primary active constituents. These saponins beneficially affect collagen (the material that makes up connective tissue), for example, inhibiting its production in hyperactive scar tissue.

Due mostly to the actions of asiaticoside and madecassoside that it contains, gotu kola may prevent, delay and treat a condition known as chronic venous insufficiency. This occurs when valves in the veins that carry blood back to the heart are weak or damaged and blood collects in the veins of the legs. This collection of blood can lead to varicose veins, spider veins, or sores on the legs.
More serious results can include blood clots in the legs. Asiaticoside and madecassoside may help keep veins and other blood vessels from leaking. Because it strengthens the walls of blood vessels, gotu kola may also be effective for slowing retinopathy, the gradual break down of the retina in the eyes. It may also help to relieve hemorrhoids. These same effects are thought to strengthen the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, making gotu kola potentially useful for treating ulcers.

Gotu kola has long been used in topical, oral, and injected forms to treat leprosy. In addition to its ability to heal the sores associated with leprosy, gotu kola may also have anti-bacterial properties. Evidence from studies shows that asiaticoside may damage the cell walls of the bacteria that cause leprosy. The weakened bacteria are easier for the body's immune system to eliminate.

Modern Studies

According to modern studies, gotu kola does offer support for healthy memory function. A study conducted in 1992 by K. Nalini at Kasturba Medical College showed an impressive improvement in memory in rats which were treated with the extract (orally) daily for 14 days before the experiment. The retention of learned behavior in the rats treated with gotu kola was 3 to 60 times better than that in control animals. Preliminary results in one clinical trial with mentally retarded children was shown to increase scores on intelligence tests (Bagchi, 1989). This does not mean gotu kola will improve intelligence for all special or normal children.

According to pharmacological studies, one outcome of gotu kola's complex actions is a balanced effect on cells and tissues participating in the process of healing, particularly connective tissues. One of its constituents, asiaticoside, works to stimulate skin repair and strengthen skin, hair, nails and connective tissue (Kartnig, 1988).

Source : Herb Wisdom

9 Must Know Facts About Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri)

Bacopa monnieri, a plant commonly used in Ayurvedic medicine, has an age-old reputation for being an effective and powerful herb helpful for memory and combating stress. Bacopa monnieri, known to most as Brahmi, acts as an adaptogen; which means it helps the body adapt to new or stressful situations. The following 9 facts show the power and versatility of this therapeutic plant.

1. Supports the Brain
As people age, it’s common for age-related brain degradation to happen. The active compounds in Brahmi, known as bacosides, are beginning to be evaluated for their effects on the brain and human health. Some research has shown the compounds in Brahmi to positively influence brain cells that prompt the regeneration of brain tissue. In one animal study, long-term supplementation with bacosides showed therapeutic value against the rapid degeneration associated with Alzheimer’s disease.  Hopefully more will continue to explore its potential benefits for brain health.

2. Promotes Liver Health

The brain is not the only organ that benefits from Brahmi’s health-promoting compounds. The liver is the body’s main detoxifying organ, and studies suggest Brahmi may be useful for encouraging liver function following toxin damage.  With the daily onslaught of toxins in our environment and food, it’s no wonder so many seek safe, natural compounds that support proper liver function.

3. Protection Against Neonatal Hypoglycemia
When it comes to newborn infants, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can result in serious and immediate brain damage, inducing future motor and cognitive impairment. Studies have found bacosides to be highly-active compounds that exhibit neuron-protecting effects in hypoglycemic infants. Therefore, many researchers believe that Brahmi extracts may be effective for protecting newborn brains against hypoglycemia-induced brain damage.

4. Positively Impacts Opioid Dependence
Doctors prescribe (and sometimes over-prescribe) opioids, like morphine and oxycodone, for pain management. Although these drugs are effective, their highly-addictive nature is a massive downside. Seventy-seven percent of chronic pain patients also suffer from depression and face an added risk of addiction. Researchers have discovered that bacosides may be helpful for enhancing the benefits of morphine while reducing the “high”, thus decreasing the risk for dependence.  In addition, studies indicate that bacosides offer protective benefits for organs commonly affected by opiate toxicity.

5. Fights Systemic Redness and Swelling
Any illness or irritation can cause redness and swelling in the body. No location more dangerous than the brain. Brahmi may be helpful at fighting this. Research supports its use for managing systemic redness in the brain caused by the body’s autoimmune response . Much of the research is ongoing; however, the emerging data offers hope for new therapies in the treatment of chronic discomfort and redness.

6. Encourages Normal Blood Pressure
Brahmi has been shown to increase the utilization of nitric oxide in the body and also appears to encourage vascular muscle function, two benefits that positively influence normal blood pressure. [9] While promoting normal blood pressure is not one of Brahmi’s most well-known uses, the herb may still provide a valuable, natural approach to those seeking this benefit.

7. Strong Antioxidant Activity
Antioxidants… can we get too many of them? Many researchers are evaluating natural plants, herbs, and foods for their antioxidant potential and findings indicate that Brahmi is a good one. It provides protection against oxidative damage, a type of cellular damage caused by free radicals. The herb has also been shown to enhance antioxidant activity in other organs, like the kidneys.

8. Organic is Best…
As with any plant or herb, it’s a good idea to know its source in order to decrease the likelihood of consuming pesticides, GMO’s, and pollutants. If Brahmi has a caveat, it’s that it’s very absorbent and can easily accumulate pollutants and other contaminants, such as arsenic, if grown in or around contaminated areas. In more than one case, Brahmi samples taken from a semi-urban area contained noticeable levels of lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc which exceeded safe thresholds. Conclusion? Only purchase organic or wild crafted Brahmi!

9. …And so is Fresh!
When cooking with herbs, fresh herbs offer substantial taste benefits. It turns out that the same is true for your health; as researchers have determined that fresh Brahmi is more potent in its healthy compounds.

Supplementing with Brahmi
There’s little question that Brahmi is one of the best, all-around tonic herbs available. It also is quite specific in its beneficial effects on brain health. What is your take on Brahmi? Have you ever used it? Leave us a comment and share your experience!

-Dr. Edward F. Group III, DC, ND, DACBN, DCBCN, DABFM

Source : Global Healing Centre

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